How to Analyze (and Quote) Poetry

Most students are far more comfortable reading and discussing prose than poetry, though that's usually a product of their lack of familiarity with the latter. We'll be dealing exclusively with poetry this quarter — including work that can be challenging at times — so it's best to start developing your analytic abilities now. Below, you'll find two different strategies for working your way through a poem, which should be particularly useful now, when your instincts and comfort level aren't fully established.

This is a quick and simple five-step plan that should be fairly helpful as you work your way through the readings. Though it's better suited to more traditional poetry, it will still offer some useful questions to ask when reading through a poem, and moves from small details to the big-picture overview:

1. What is happening in the poem?

• Literally: What is the poem’s action?
• Figuratively: What metaphors drive the poem’s message?

2. Comment on the poem’s music: What do you hear in this poem?

• the poet’s voice, the language used
• use of rhyme and near rhyme
• the poem’s rhythms, its cadence, its momentum
• use of alliteration and assonance
• performative enjambments (line breaks)(All of these elements add emphasis to certain words, images and ideas. Why?)

3. Are there any memorable images? What do you see in this poem?

4. What general themes does the poet touch upon?

5. Ultimately, what is the poet/poem trying to say?

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Another method of working your way through a poem comes from an interview with Ann Lauterbach in Daniel Kane's What is Poetry: Conversations with the American Avant-Garde:

DK: Is there a method or series of steps that you might recommend teachers to take in presenting "On (Open)" [a poem of Lauterbach's they'd been discussing] to high school students not so familiar with poetry?

AL: A poem is not a puzzle to be solved. A poem is an experience, an event, in and of language. It should be approached as such:

• What kind of event happened to you when you read this poem?
• Did you get a feeling?
• Did you have an idea?
• Did you get reminded of something?
• Did you go elsewhere, away from the familiar world into another, stranger, one?
• Did you look up words and find out new meanings, as you would ask directions in a strange city?
• Why do you think the poet made this word choice, and not another?
• Why do you think the line is broken here, at this word, and not at another?
• How is a line break in a poem different from a comma or a period in a prose sentence?

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If you're interested in a far more comprehensive introduction to poetry, definitely check out Edward Hirsch's multi-part essay "How to Read a Poem (and Fall in Love with Poetry)," available through the Poetry Foundation website.

Also, here's a link to a poetics glossary to help you sort out any unfamiliar terms you might come across (including, perhaps, some used above), and a primer on poetic forms and techniques.

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Finally, here are a few tips on how poetry is quoted in a formal essay:

When making a short quotation from a poem, don't type it out as it appears on the page, but rather use slashes ( / ) to indicate line breaks (a.k.a. enjambments), and double-slashes ( // ) to indicate stanza breaks, like so:

Paul Blackburn's stanza below from "The One Night Stand : An Approach to the Bridge"

New day's sun
doubles itself in the river
A double string of blue lights
glares to mark the bridge, the
city huddles under a yellow light
the sodium flares
gleam under oblique
sun's double in the stream,

Would be presented like so: In "The One Night Stand : An Approach to the Bridge," Blackburn paints a lovely portrait of early morning in the city, in which the "[n]ew day's sun / doubles itself in the river" and "[a] double string of blue lights /glares to mark the bridge."

Likewise, if one were to quote from this portion of Philip Whalen's "The Same Old Jazz,"

While I imagine whatever I imagine 

Weed
dry stalks of yarrow,
repeated Y-branching V's, a multiplication 

Of antelope, deer-horns? Umbels
Hairy brown stars at the tip of brown wires
A menorah, or more learnedly, "hand" written in Great Seal Script

It might read like this: Whalen's "whatever I imagine" includes a litany of natural imagery, such as "[w]eed / dry stalks of yarrow, / repeated Y-branching V's, [and] a multiplication // [o]f antelope, deer-horns."

Please also remember that though traditional MLA rules for citations indicate that you must give the line number(s) for your quotations and paraphrases, I think that's a little draconian, and so just giving the page number(s) will be fine.